France,<\/p>\n
Louis xvi<\/span> period<\/p>\n Attributed to Antonio Carcano said Carcani or Carcany (circa <\/em>1755-1820)<\/strong><\/p>\n Carved and gilded wood<\/p>\n The dial is signed: \u201cPar le Sr. Carcan\u00ef Rue et faubg<\/sup> St<\/sup>-Antoine a cot\u00e9 La fontaine charonne au Ladons Royaux<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n","value_formatted":" France,<\/p>\r\n Louis xvi<\/span> period<\/p>\r\n Attributed to Antonio Carcano said Carcani or Carcany (circa <\/em>1755-1820)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n Carved and gilded wood<\/p>\r\n The dial is signed: \u201cPar le Sr. Carcan\u00ef Rue et faubg<\/sup> St<\/sup>-Antoine a cot\u00e9 La fontaine charonne au Ladons Royaux<\/em>\u201d<\/p>","value":" France,<\/p>\r\n Louis xvi<\/span> period<\/p>\r\n Attributed to Antonio Carcano said Carcani or Carcany (circa <\/em>1755-1820)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n Carved and gilded wood<\/p>\r\n The dial is signed: \u201cPar le Sr. Carcan\u00ef Rue et faubg<\/sup> St<\/sup>-Antoine a cot\u00e9 La fontaine charonne au Ladons Royaux<\/em>\u201d<\/p>","field":{"ID":781,"key":"field_67f661144735a","label":"Cartel","name":"cartel","aria-label":"","prefix":"acf","type":"wysiwyg","value":null,"menu_order":0,"instructions":"","required":0,"id":"","class":"","conditional_logic":0,"parent":614,"wrapper":{"width":"","class":"","id":""},"wp-typography":"content","default_value":"","tabs":"all","toolbar":"full","media_upload":1,"delay":0,"wpml_cf_preferences":2,"_name":"cartel","_valid":1}},"dimensions":{"simple_value_formatted":" <\/p>\n Height: 100 cm \u2013 39 \u00bd inches<\/p>\n Width: 43 cm \u2013 17 inches<\/p>\n Depth: 5 cm \u2013 2 inches<\/p>\n","value_formatted":" \r\n Height: 100 cm \u2013 39 \u00bd inches<\/p>\r\n Width: 43 cm \u2013 17 inches<\/p>\r\n Depth: 5 cm \u2013 2 inches<\/p>","value":" \r\n Height: 100 cm \u2013 39 \u00bd inches<\/p>\r\n Width: 43 cm \u2013 17 inches<\/p>\r\n Depth: 5 cm \u2013 2 inches<\/p>","field":{"ID":782,"key":"field_67f661254735b","label":"Dimensions","name":"dimensions","aria-label":"","prefix":"acf","type":"wysiwyg","value":null,"menu_order":1,"instructions":"","required":0,"id":"","class":"","conditional_logic":0,"parent":614,"wrapper":{"width":"","class":"","id":""},"wpml_cf_preferences":2,"wp-typography":"content","default_value":"","tabs":"all","toolbar":"full","media_upload":1,"delay":0,"_name":"dimensions","_valid":1}},"exemples_comparables":{"simple_value_formatted":" \n","value_formatted":" <\/p>","value":" <\/p>","field":{"ID":783,"key":"field_67f661484735c","label":"Exemples comparables","name":"exemples_comparables","aria-label":"","prefix":"acf","type":"wysiwyg","value":null,"menu_order":2,"instructions":"","required":0,"id":"","class":"","conditional_logic":0,"parent":614,"wrapper":{"width":"","class":"","id":""},"wp-typography":"content","default_value":"","tabs":"all","toolbar":"full","media_upload":1,"delay":0,"wpml_cf_preferences":2,"_name":"exemples_comparables","_valid":1}},"exemples_vraisemblablement_identiques":{"simple_value_formatted":"","value_formatted":"","value":"","field":{"ID":786,"key":"field_67f662067360c","label":"Exemples vraisemblablement identiques","name":"exemples_vraisemblablement_identiques","aria-label":"","prefix":"acf","type":"wysiwyg","value":null,"menu_order":3,"instructions":"","required":0,"id":"","class":"","conditional_logic":0,"parent":614,"wrapper":{"width":"","class":"","id":""},"wp-typography":"content","default_value":"","tabs":"all","toolbar":"full","media_upload":1,"delay":0,"wpml_cf_preferences":2,"_name":"exemples_vraisemblablement_identiques","_valid":1}},"publications":{"simple_value_formatted":"","value_formatted":"","value":"","field":{"ID":784,"key":"field_67f661604735d","label":"Publications","name":"publications","aria-label":"","prefix":"acf","type":"wysiwyg","value":null,"menu_order":4,"instructions":"","required":0,"id":"","class":"","conditional_logic":0,"parent":614,"wrapper":{"width":"","class":"","id":""},"wp-typography":"content","default_value":"","tabs":"all","toolbar":"full","media_upload":1,"delay":0,"wpml_cf_preferences":2,"_name":"publications","_valid":1}},"description_de_lobjet":{"simple_value_formatted":" This wall-mounted barometer-thermometer features a tondo-shaped barometer topped by a thermometer framed by a pearl fillet. The circular dial of the barometer unfurls on a background resembling fish scales, surrounded at the top by two dentil friezes, and flanked by C-shaped scrolls and foliate details. The whole is surmounted by a cartouche composed of two facing C-shaped scrolls, between which fan-shaped fleurons are arranged. The whole is crowned with naturalistic flowers. In the lower part, the thermometer is framed by two suspended cords that cross C-shaped scrolls. A foliate base ending in a sheath and surmounted by a cornice forms the end of the lower part. On the dial, a black metal pin points to various meteorological indications inscribed in ink around a compass rose. These indications are arranged clockwise as follows:<\/p>\n Also indicated\u00a0:<\/p>\n The thermometer features a \u201cR\u00e9aumur\u201d gradation, in reference to the temperature scale designed by French physicist and inventor Ren\u00e9-Antoine Ferchault de R\u00e9aumur in 1731, ranging from 30 degrees Celsius and above to -20 degrees and below. It features a graduated red alcohol test tube set against a decoration combining a temperature scale topped by a ribboned wreath flanked by flowers.<\/p>\n","value_formatted":" This wall-mounted barometer-thermometer features a tondo-shaped barometer topped by a thermometer framed by a pearl fillet. The circular dial of the barometer unfurls on a background resembling fish scales, surrounded at the top by two dentil friezes, and flanked by C-shaped scrolls and foliate details. The whole is surmounted by a cartouche composed of two facing C-shaped scrolls, between which fan-shaped fleurons are arranged. The whole is crowned with naturalistic flowers. In the lower part, the thermometer is framed by two suspended cords that cross C-shaped scrolls. A foliate base ending in a sheath and surmounted by a cornice forms the end of the lower part. On the dial, a black metal pin points to various meteorological indications inscribed in ink around a compass rose. These indications are arranged clockwise as follows:<\/p>\r\n\r\n Also indicated\u00a0:<\/p>\r\n\r\n The thermometer features a \u201cR\u00e9aumur\u201d gradation, in reference to the temperature scale designed by French physicist and inventor Ren\u00e9-Antoine Ferchault de R\u00e9aumur in 1731, ranging from 30 degrees Celsius and above to -20 degrees and below. It features a graduated red alcohol test tube set against a decoration combining a temperature scale topped by a ribboned wreath flanked by flowers.<\/p>","value":" This wall-mounted barometer-thermometer features a tondo-shaped barometer topped by a thermometer framed by a pearl fillet. The circular dial of the barometer unfurls on a background resembling fish scales, surrounded at the top by two dentil friezes, and flanked by C-shaped scrolls and foliate details. The whole is surmounted by a cartouche composed of two facing C-shaped scrolls, between which fan-shaped fleurons are arranged. The whole is crowned with naturalistic flowers. In the lower part, the thermometer is framed by two suspended cords that cross C-shaped scrolls. A foliate base ending in a sheath and surmounted by a cornice forms the end of the lower part. On the dial, a black metal pin points to various meteorological indications inscribed in ink around a compass rose. These indications are arranged clockwise as follows:<\/p>\r\n\r\n Also indicated\u00a0:<\/p>\r\n\r\n The thermometer features a \u201cR\u00e9aumur\u201d gradation, in reference to the temperature scale designed by French physicist and inventor Ren\u00e9-Antoine Ferchault de R\u00e9aumur in 1731, ranging from 30 degrees Celsius and above to -20 degrees and below. It features a graduated red alcohol test tube set against a decoration combining a temperature scale topped by a ribboned wreath flanked by flowers.<\/p>","field":{"ID":615,"key":"field_67e67d7bae7bc","label":"Description de l'objet","name":"description_de_lobjet","aria-label":"","prefix":"acf","type":"wysiwyg","value":null,"menu_order":5,"instructions":"","required":0,"id":"","class":"","conditional_logic":0,"parent":614,"wrapper":{"width":"","class":"","id":""},"default_value":"","tabs":"all","toolbar":"full","media_upload":1,"delay":0,"wpml_cf_preferences":2,"_name":"description_de_lobjet","_valid":1}},"histoire_de_lobjet":{"simple_value_formatted":" The first barometer \u2013 a mercurial barometer \u2013 was invented in 1643 by Evangelista Torricelli. This Italian physicist was the first to demonstrate the existence of atmospheric pressure. During his experiments, he noticed that the height of the mercury in the tube varied with meteorological changes. His Italian contemporary, the 17th<\/sup>-century Irish physicist and chemist Robert Boyle, was the first to use the term \u201cbarometer\u201d, from the Greek baros :<\/em> \u201cweight, gravity\u201d.On an 18th<\/sup>-century barometer like the one shown here, the mechanism developed by Torricelli is located at the back. The atmospheric pressure exerted by the air in the tube on the mercury activates the pin on the dial. The interest in science at the time led craftsmen to combine barometers and thermometers, as is the case here.<\/p>\n Traditionally attributed to Galileo, who defined its principle, the invention of the thermometer dates to the mid-17th<\/sup>century. It was at this time that the thermometer was developed to measure temperature by dilating a liquid contained in a glass tube.<\/p>\n Over the course of the 17th<\/sup> and 18th<\/sup> centuries, several physicists perfected this instrument, proposing different scales before the adoption of today's scales. In 1654, the Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinand de' Medici, created an alcohol thermometer with 50 graduations. But it wasn't until 1717 that the German Fahrenheit invented the first mercurial thermometer and the scale that bears his name. Then, in 1742, the Swedish Celsius devised a scale ranging from 100\u00b0C for freezing water to 0\u00b0C for boiling, a gradation that would be reversed after his death. In 1794, the French Convention approved this scale of degrees centigrade, which took several years to become established in France, where it was rivaled by the R\u00e9aumur scale presented here. However, the Celsius scale remains the most widely used today.Mercury or alcohol thermometers can be either direct-reading or dial-reading. In the latter case, a mechanism connects a float placed in the column to a pin.<\/p>\n At the end of the 17th<\/sup> century, thermometers and barometers left the scientists\u2019 laboratories and entered the homes of enlightened people. As part of the encyclopedic collections of the 18th<\/sup> century, instruments and machines became increasingly appealing, as much for their decoration and the preciosity of their materials, as for the beauty of their form. With science taking a growing place in society, princes or wealthy aristocrats liked to own instruments associating them with the latest discoveries. While the manufacture of barometer and thermometer mechanisms required the very special skills of an optician, that of the object was entrusted to carpenters who created cases for these instruments.<\/p>\n A manufacturer of thermometers, barometers and scientific instruments of Italian origin, Antoine Carcano was born around 1755. Initially established at 37, Rue de la Roquette<\/em> in the Faubourg Saint-Antoine<\/em> district of Paris, he later moved to 2, Place Dauphine<\/em> on the \u00cele de la Cit\u00e9<\/em>. This last prestigious address testifies to his success, which enabled him to become \u201cconstructeur de barom\u00e8tres et instruments scientifiques pour l'Ecole Royale Militaire\u201d <\/em>[manufacturer of barometers and scientific instruments for the Ecole Royale Militaire<\/em>] in 1786. His signature also bears witness to his new social standing. After initially using his surname, Carcano <\/em>(sometimes Carcani<\/em> or Carcany<\/em>), he changed it to \u201cle sieur Carcarno<\/em>\u201d [the sire Carcano], followed by his address in the Faubourg Saint-Antoine<\/em>, specifying that he was based \u2019a cot\u00e9 La fontaine charonne au Ladons Royaux\u201d<\/em> [next to the Charonne fountain at the Ladons Royaux<\/em>] where he built this thermometer-barometer. Later, he would further emphasize his professional success by adding that he was a \u201cbuilder of barometers for the Ecole Royale Militaire<\/em>\u201d and specified his new location at Place Dauphine<\/em>.<\/p>\nComparable examples\u00a0:<\/h3>\n
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Comparable examples\u00a0:<\/h3>\r\n
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Comparable examples\u00a0:<\/h3>\r\n
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History of the barometer<\/h3>\n
History of the thermometer<\/h3>\n
Antonio Carcano said Carcani or Carcany (circa <\/em>1755-1820)<\/h3>\n